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Tidal creeks play a vital role in influencing geospatial evolution and marsh ecological communities in coastal landscapes. However, evaluating the geospatial characteristics of numerous creeks across a site and understanding their ecological relationships pose significant challenges due to the labor-intensive nature of manual delineation from imagery. Traditional methods rely on manual annotation in GIS interfaces, which is slow and tedious. This study explores the application of Attention-based Dense U-Net (ADU-Net), a deep learning image segmentation model, for automatically classifying creek pixels in high-resolution (0.5 m) orthorectified aerial imagery in coastal Georgia, USA. We observed that ADU-Net achieved an outstanding F1 score of 0.98 in identifying creek pixels, demonstrating its ability in tidal creek mapping. The study highlights the potential of deep learning models for automated tidal creek mapping, opening avenues for future investigations into the role of creeks in marshes’ response to environmental changes. 

Abstract In salt marshes of the Southeastern USA, purple marsh crabs (Sesarma reticulatum), hereafterSesarma, aggregate in grazing and burrowing fronts at the heads of tidal creeks, accelerating creek incision into marsh platforms. We explored the effects of this keystone grazer and sediment engineer on salt marsh sediment accumulation, hydrology, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover using radionuclides (²¹⁰Pb and⁷Be), total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), and C and N stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) in sediment from pairedSesarma-grazed and un-grazed creeks.Sesarma-grazed-creek sediments exhibited greater bioturbation and tidal inundation compared to sediments in un-grazed creeks, as indicated by larger²¹⁰Pb and⁷Be inventories. Total organic carbon (TOC) to total nitrogen (TN) weight ratios (C:N) were higher and δ¹⁵N values were lower in grazed-creek sediments than in un-grazed-creek sediments, suggestingSesarmaremove and assimilate N in their tissues, and excrete N with lower δ¹⁵N values into sediments. In support of this inference, the percent total carbon (TC) and percent TOC declined by nearly half, percent TN decreased by ~ 80%, and the C:N ratio exhibited a ~ threefold increase betweenSesarmafore-gut and hind-gut contents. An estimated 91% ofSesarma’s diet was derived fromSpartina alterniflora,the region’s dominant salt marsh plant. We found that, asSesarmagrazing fronts progress across marsh landscapes, they enhance the decay ofSpartina-derived organic matter and prolong marsh tidal inundation. These findings highlight the need to better account for the effects of keystone grazers and sediment engineers, likeSesarma, in estimates of the stability and size of blue C stores in coastal wetlands. 

Abstract The fate of coastal ecosystems depends on their ability to keep pace with sea-level rise—yet projections of accretion widely ignore effects of engineering fauna. Here, we quantify effects of the mussel , Geukensia demissa , on southeastern US saltmarsh accretion. Multi-season and -tidal stage surveys, in combination with field experiments, reveal that deposition is 2.8-10.7-times greater on mussel aggregations than any other marsh location. Our Delft-3D-BIVALVES model further predicts that mussels drive substantial changes to both the magnitude (±<0.1 cm·yr −1 ) and spatial patterning of accretion at marsh domain scales. We explore the validity of model predictions with a multi-year creekshed mussel manipulation of >200,000 mussels and find that this faunal engineer drives far greater changes to relative marsh accretion rates than predicted (±>0.4 cm·yr −1 ). Thus, we highlight an urgent need for empirical, experimental, and modeling work to resolve the importance of faunal engineers in directly and indirectly modifying the persistence of coastal ecosystems globally. 

Keystone species have large ecological effects relative to their abundance and have been identified in many ecosystems. However, global change is pervasively altering environmental conditions, potentially elevating new species to keystone roles. Here, we reveal that a historically innocuous grazer—the marsh crab Sesarma reticulatum —is rapidly reshaping the geomorphic evolution and ecological organization of southeastern US salt marshes now burdened by rising sea levels. Our analyses indicate that sea-level rise in recent decades has widely outpaced marsh vertical accretion, increasing tidal submergence of marsh surfaces, particularly where creeks exhibit morphologies that are unable to efficiently drain adjacent marsh platforms. In these increasingly submerged areas, cordgrass decreases belowground root:rhizome ratios, causing substrate hardness to decrease to within the optimal range for Sesarma burrowing. Together, these bio-physical changes provoke Sesarma to aggregate in high-density grazing and burrowing fronts at the heads of tidal creeks (hereafter, creekheads). Aerial-image analyses reveal that resulting “ Sesarma- grazed” creekheads increased in prevalence from 10 ± 2% to 29 ± 5% over the past <25 y and, by tripling creek-incision rates relative to nongrazed creekheads, have increased marsh-landscape drainage density by 8 to 35% across the region. Field experiments further demonstrate that Sesarma- grazed creekheads, through their removal of vegetation that otherwise obstructs predator access, enhance the vulnerability of macrobenthic invertebrates to predation and strongly reduce secondary production across adjacent marsh platforms. Thus, sea-level rise is creating conditions within which Sesarma functions as a keystone species that is driving dynamic, landscape-scale changes in salt-marsh geomorphic evolution, spatial organization, and species interactions.